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Query: Have there been any reports of threats or reprisals against Cubans
who refused to sign the June 2002 Cuban government-sponsored petition
to amend the constitution to make the one-party Communist state
irreversible? Has anyone been threatened with the charge of
peligrosidad, dangerousness? Response: The Government of Cuba’s response to the dissident-sponsored
Varela Project was to have its own petition drive. This petition
called for amending the Cuban Constitution to make the one-party
Communist state irreversible. The petition drive was launched with a
national mobilization on 11 June 2002. To date, independent Cuban journalists have reported a number of
cases of threats or reprisals against people for not signing the
petition, none of which involved threats of being charged with
peligrosidad (dangerousness) under the Cuban penal code. The incidents were reported as follows: --Independent journalist Carlos Serpa Maceira, resident of the
town of Isla de la Juventud in Havana province, refused to sign the
petition and was visited by a Cuban army officer and officials of the
local Comité de Defensa de la Revolución (CDR), Committee for the
Defense of the Revolution, who pressured him and told him he was
“putting in danger the future of his nine-year-old daughter,” which
was taken to mean that she would be ostracized in terms of
opportunities in education or other areas (UPECI 19 Jun 2002). --Juan Alberto Mirabel Cordero, out of prison under libertad
condicional, conditional liberty, a form of parole (nature of
conviction not reported), was pressured into signing by officials of
the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) and the local CDR who were
accompanied by a ranking police official who previously had
threatened to put Mirabel Cordero back in prison (Cuba Free Press 28
Jun 2002). --A group of Jehovah’s Witnesses who refused to sign in the town
of Bauta, west of Havana, were threatened with having their place of
worship closed. Apparently, they continued to refuse, but to date
there has been no follow-up report as to whether the threat was
carried out (Cuba Free Press 26 Jun 2002). --In the municipality of Güines southeast of the capital in Havana
province, Jose Angel Mesa Pérez, apparently a vendor, was pressured
to sign the referendum by CDR officials who threatened to have his
self-employment license revoked (Cuba Free Press 19 Jun 2002). --Jorge Luis Hernández, a bodega worker in the community of Taco-Taco, in the municipality of San Cristóbal, in the province of Pinar
del Río, was fired after joking to customers that there was no food
in the store because they had signed the petition (Cuba Free Press 5
Jul 2002). In late June, Jorge de Armas, a 60-year-old farmer in Camagüey
province, had his food quota stripped by officials of the Cooperativa
de Producción Agropecuaria Cándido González, “Cándido González”
Agricultural Production Cooperative, because he refused to sign the
government-sponsored petition. That meant that de Armas, a founder of
the cooperative, would no longer be entitled to the foodstuffs that
the cooperative sells to its members (CPIC 1 Jul 2002). Reynaldo Pérez Serrano, a hearse driver at the government-run
funeral parlor in the municipality of Güines in Havana province was
fired because he declined to sign the government-sponsored petition.
Pérez Serrano is a military veteran who served in Angola in the
1970s. His firing apparently was also related to his recent
resignation from the Asociación de Combatientes de la Revolución
Cubana, Association of Combatants of the Cuban Revolution, and from
the PCC (Lux InfoPress 20 Jul 2002). --Yaser Ravelo Díaz was fired from his job as a cartographer at
the Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, National Statistics Office, in
the eastern city of Guantánamo because he refused to sign the
government-sponsored petition. Previously, in May 2002, Ravelo Díaz
had been arrested under suspicion of writing anti-government
graffiti, but had been released (APLO 31 Jul 2002). --Dr. Yamilet Alberto Moya, a physician, was removed from her
position as vice director of the medical clinic in the municipality
of Manicaragua in Villa Clara province and told she would be
transferred to a low-paying job far from her home unless she divorced
her husband, Roberto Alvarez Chávez. Alvarez Chávez had refused to
sign the government petition and endorsed the dissident-sponsored
Varela Project. Dissident sources in Manicaragua said that the
government was retaliating against people there who refused to sign
the government petition by firing them from their jobs, fining them
and targeting them for harassment by the police (Cuba Free Press 12
Aug 2002, “Médico Cubano…”). --Sources among dissident trade union organizations said that they
were receiving daily reports of people being fired from their jobs
because they had refused to sign the government-sponsored petition
(Cuba Free Press 12 Aug 2002, “Empresa Extranjera…”). The government apparently exerted particular pressure on the
population of at least one of the pueblos cautivos (captive towns) to
sign the petition. The pueblos cautivos date back to 1970-1985 when
the Cuban government forcibly relocated thousands of people from the
Escambray, the mountainous region in central Cuba, because they had
supported the anti-Castro guerrillas that operated there in 1960-1965. The four main pueblos cautivos are: Ramón López Peña in the
municipality of San Cristóbal in Pinar del Río province; Sandino in
the municipality of the same name in Pinar del Río province; Briones
Montoto in the municipality of Pinar del Río in Pinar del Río
province; and Miraflores in Camagüey province. During the
government’s petition drive, it was reported that in Ramón López Peña
members of the PCC had forced an elderly man suffering from
Alzheimer’s to sign the petition and that the PCC had ordered that
the names and addresses of all those in the town who did not sign be
collected (Grupo Decoro Nov 2002; Cuba Free Press 22 Jul 2002). A number of independent Cuban and foreign journalists reported
that during the petition-drive there was an atmosphere of resignation
combined with fear on the part of many Cubans. The Financial Times
(London) reported, “While no one was frog-marched to the signing
stations, the fear, or perhaps tired resignation, in the air was
almost palpable.” Some news reports suggested that the government, by
utilizing a full-scale mobilization of the CDRs and other Communist
Party organizations to promote and conduct the referendum, combined
with Castro being spotlighted as the first signer, did not have to
resort to overt or heavy-handed threats (FINANCIAL TIMES 9 Jul 2002,
Cuba Free Press 1 Jul 2002, EFE 23 Jun 2002, SUN-SENTINEL 23 Jun
2002, AP 18 Jun 2002). Cubans who spoke about the petition to independent Cuban or
foreign journalists tended to do so anonymously. A number said they
were afraid of losing jobs if they did not sign. A receptionist at a
Havana hotel said, “I am going to sign because I don’t want any
problems with my work” (AFP 16 June 2002). A housewife said, “I
twisted and turned all night, telling myself I shouldn’t sign. But,
of course, in the end, I did…I’ve got to think of my husband’s job,
my children” (FINANCIAL TIMES 9 Jul 2002). Some Cubans interviewed were less specific about the pressures
they felt to sign, saying only that if they did not, “some harm would
come to them” (BBC Mundo 17 June 2002). Others said it was necessary
to sign, “so as to not call attention to one’s self” (Cuba Verdad 19
Jun 2002). A woman who had recently received a U.S. lottery visa said she was
afraid that if she did not sign the government would deny her a
tarjeta blanca, the white card granting permission to leave the
country. An older woman said she signed because she was afraid her
son who had no job would be harassed or arrested if she did not (Cuba
Verdad 19 Jun 2002). A man said that whether one signed or not made no difference,
because the government “is going to report whatever numbers it needs
to win while we all continue in the same shit” (Cuba Verdad 19 Jun
2002) One woman said, “You know what is expected of you. So you go
and get it over with” (SUN-SENTINEL 23 Jun 2002). This response was prepared after researching publicly accessible
information currently available to the RIC within time constraints.
This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to
the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. References: Agence France Presse (ARP). “Apatía y escaso Fervor en el
‘Referéndum’ Cubano” (Havana: 16 Jun 2002). URL:
www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/jun02/17o1.htm. Associated Press (AP). “Cubans Back Socialism, Castro Says”
(Havana: 18 Jun 2002). Nexis. Agencia de Prensa Libre Oriental (APLO). Herrera, Juan Carlos.
“Despiden a Trabajador que no Suscribió la Inamovilidad de Comunismo”
(Guantánamo: 31 Jul 2002). URL:
www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/ago02/02a2.htm. BBC Mundo. “Cuba: Votantes ‘Aprueban’ Reforma” (Havana: 17 Jun
2002). URL:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/Spanish/latin_america/newsid_2048000/2048313.s
tm. Colegio de Periodistas Independientes de Camagüey (CPIC).
Hernández, Normando. “Suprimen Cuota Alimenticia a Campesino que No
Firmó Reforma Constitutional” (Camagüey: 1 Jul 2002). URL:
www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/jul02/02a1.htm. Cuba Free Press. Torres Iznaga, José. “Ejercen Fuertes Presiones
para que los Ciudadanos Firmen la Modificación Castrista a la
Constitución” (Havana: 19 Jun 2002). URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020619kk.html. Cuba Free Press. Del Carmen Carro, María. “Se Niegan Testigos de
la Secta Religiosa ‘Testigos de Jehová’ a Firmar Modificación de la
Constitución” (Havana: 26 Jun 2002). URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020626kk.html. Cuba Free Press. Torres Iznaga, José. “Obligan a Firmar
Incapacitados” (Havana: 28 Jun 2002). URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020628aa.html. Cuba Free Press. Roselló, Richard. “Exigen a los Cubanos la Firma
a la Modificación de la Constitución” (Havana: 1 Jul 2002). URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020701ll.html. Cuba Free Press. Torres Iznaga, José. “Expulsan a Bodeguero de su
Puesto de Trabajo” (Havana: 5 Jul 2002) URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020705mm.html. Cuba Free Press. Torres Iznaga, José. “Dementes Firman por el
Cambio de la Constitución Cubana” (Havana: 22 Jul 2002) URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020722gg.html. Cuba Free Press. Torres Iznaga, José. “Médico Cubana Expulsada de
su Cargo” (Havana: 12 Aug 2002) URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020812.gg.html. Cuba Free Press. Torres Iznaga, José. “Empresa Extranjera Viola
Los Derechos de Trabajadores Cubanos” (Havana: 12 Aug 2002). URL:
www.cubafreepress.org/art1/cubap020812.bb.html. Cuba Verdad. Cortina Rey, Amarilis. “Cubanos Suscriben
Modificación Constitucional ‘para No Señalarse’” (Havana: 19 Jun
2002). URL: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/jun02/19a8.htm. EFE News Service. “Cuba: Castro Calls National Assembly into
Special Session” (Havana: 22 Jun 2002). Nexis. FINANICIAL TIMES. Schweimler, Daniel. “Sugar and tourism force a
bitter pill on Cubans” (Havana: 9 Jul 2002). Grupo Decoro. Maseda, Héctor. “Los Pueblos Cautivos (I)” (Havana:
Nov 2001). URL: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y01/nov01/27a8.htm. Grupo Decoro. Maseda, Héctor. “Los Pueblos Cautivos (II)” (Havana:
Nov 2001). URL: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y01/nov01/30a6.htm. Lux InfoPress. Zamora Lambrada, Alicia. “Despedido un chofer por
sus opiniones” (Havana: 20 Jul 2002). URL:
www.cubanet.org/Sindical/news/y02/07220202.html. SUN-SENTINEL. Bauza, Vanessa. “Socialism Reigns, But Where’s The
Zeal?” (Havana: 23 Jun 2002). Unión de Periodistas y Escritores Cubanos Independientes (UPECI).
Armenteros, Fara. “Amenazan a periodista Cubano que no apoya la
llamada reforma constitucional” (Havana: 19 Jun 2002). URL:
www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/jun02/20a3.htm.
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